Workforce Scheduling optimizes employee assignments to shifts considering: demand forecasts, labor regulations, employee preferences, and skill requirements. Objectives: minimize labor costs, maximize schedule quality, balance workload. Constraints: coverage requirements, labor laws (maximum hours, rest periods), fairness, and availability. Formulations: integer programming with binary variables for each employee-shift assignment. Advanced features: shift bidding, multi-skilled workers, part-time flexibility. Solution approaches: column generation (shifts as columns), constraint programming, and decomposition methods. Applications: call centers, healthcare (nurse scheduling), retail, transportation. Challenges: large problem size, multiple objectives, and dynamic adjustments. Modern systems integrate: forecasting, optimization, and employee self-service portals for preference specification.